February 4, 2005

All rights reserved to Shmuel Oren, UC Berkeley

PSERC

MAPP

SPP

ECAR

SERC

FRCC

MAIN

NWPA

AZ/NM/SNV

RMPA

ISO-NE

NYISO

PJM

SW CT Interface

Southeast PA

West VA/PJM Interface

Southeast West VA

Central MO

East KS/MO Interface

Northeast AZ

Central IA

WY/ID Interface

CA/OR Interface

Pacific DC Intertie

East NY

Central CA

Southern CA

CA/MX

Northeast of  Boston

 Southwest  MI

:  Constraint and constrained flow direction

Transmission Constraints in the Contiguous U.S.

8

FERC Division of Market Development, Dec. 19, 2001